this is a “”desktop research”” on the reliability and validity of different assessment: PISA& TIMSS & TSA & NAEP

***How to maintain the reliability or validity
or
***any method they applied the raise the reliability and validity

1)The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
2)The IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
3)The Territory-wide System Assessment (TSA)
4)The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

one page for each assessment
total in 4 pages